Список міжзоряних і навколозоряних молекул включає молекули, які були виявлені в міжзоряному середовищі або навколозоряних оболонках. Молекули згруповані за кількістю атомів у їхньому складі. Для кожної виявленої сполуки вказана її хімічна формула, а також формули всіх виявлених іонів.
Пояснення
Перелічені нижче молекули були виявлені методами астрономічної спектроскопії. Вони утворюють спектральні лінії, поглинаючи або випромінюючи фотони під час переходів між енергетичними рівнями, і різниця енергій між цими рівнями визначає довжини хвиль, на яких спостерігаються лінії. Переходи між енергетичними рівнями молекул бувають кількох різних типів. Молекулярні електронні переходи відбуваються, коли один із електронів молекули переходить з однієї молекулярної орбіталі на іншу, і такі переходи зазвичай утворюють спектральні лінії в ультрафіолетовій, оптичній або ближній інфрачервоній частинах електромагнітного спектру. [en] змінюють кількість квантів енергії коливань молекулярних зв'язків, утворюючи лінії в середньому або далекому інфрачервоному діапазоні. [en] відбуваються, коли змінюється кількість квантів кінетичної енергії обертання молекули і спричиняють випромінювання в мікрохвильовому або радіодіапазоні.
Іноді переходи різних типів відбуваються одночасно, наприклад в ротаційно-вібраційній спектроскопії змінюється як ротаційний, так і вібраційний рівні енергії. Іноді стаються всі три переходи разом, як-от у смузі Філіпса двоатомного вуглецю C2, у якій електронний перехід створює лінію в ближньому інфрачервоному діапазоні, яка розщеплюється на кілька коливальних смуг через одночасну зміну рівня коливань, які у свою чергу розщеплюються на ротаційні гілки.
Спектр конкретної молекули регулюється правилами відбору квантової хімії та її молекулярною симетрією. Деякі молекули мають прості спектри, які легко ідентифікувати, тоді як інші мають надзвичайно складні спектри з великою кількістю ліній, що робить їх набагато важчими для виявлення. Взаємодія між атомними ядрами й електронами додатково спричиняє надтонку структуру спектральних ліній. Якщо молекула існує в кількох ізотопологах (версіях, що містять різні атомні ізотопи), спектр ще більше ускладнюється [en].
Одним із найпродуктивніших місць виявлення міжзоряних молекул є Стрілець B2, гігантська молекулярна хмара поблизу центру Чумацького Шляху: близько половини перелічених нижче молекул були вперше виявлені саме там. Багатим джерелом навколозоряних молекул є (також відома як IRC +10216), відносно недалека вуглецева зоря, де було ідентифіковано близько 50 молекул. Між міжзоряним і навколозоряним середовищем немає чіткої межі, тому вони об'єднані в спільному списку.
Першою молекулою, виявленою в міжзоряному середовищі, був [en] (CH•), для якого у 1937 році буна зареєстрована оптична лінія на 4300 ангстремах, утворена його електронним переходом. Починаючи з 1950-х років, більшість нових молекул виявлялась методами радіоастрономії, а з 1990-х років також стала важливою субміліметрова астрономія. Найпоширенішою міжзоряною молекулою є молекулярний водень H2, також високу поширеність мають монооксид вуглецю CO, вода H2O, аміак NH3, формальдегід HCHO, ціаністий водень HCN.
Надзвичайно низька густина міжзоряного середовища не сприяє утворенню молекул, бо рідкість зіткнень частинок сильно зменшує ймовірність реакцій в газовій фазі. У багатьох регіонах наявне ультрафіолетове випромінювання, яке руйнує молекули у фотохімічних реакціях. Пояснення спостережуваної кількості міжзоряних молекул вимагає розрахунку балансу між темпами їхнього утворення та руйнування, що вимагає моделювання хімії іонів у газовій фазі, хімії на поверхні частинок космічного пилу, переносу випромінювання з урахуванням міжзоряного поглинання та складних [en].
Дисципліна астрохімії включає розуміння процесів утворення міжзоряних молекул і пояснення їхньої поширеності. Використання молекулярних ліній для визначення фізичних властивостей астрономічних об'єктів відоме як молекулярна астрофізика.
Список молекул
У наступних таблицях наведено список молекул, виявлених у міжзоряному середовищі та навколозоряних оболонках. Молекули згруповані за кількістю атомів. Нейтральні молекули та їхні іони перераховані в окремих колонках. Якщо в колонці молекули стоїть прочерк, то для даної молекули виявлено лише іонізовану форму. Маса вказана в атомних одиницях маси. Виявлені дейтерієві молекули, які містять принаймні один атом дейтерію (2H), наведені в окремій таблиці. Загальна кількість виявлених молекул та іонів вказана в заголовку кожного розділу.
Назви наведені у відповідності до національного стандарту.
Більшість виявлених молекул (і всі молекули з понад п'ятьма атомами) є органічними. Єдиною виявленою неорганічною молекулою п'ятиатомною молекулою є SiH4.
2-атомні (43)
Формула | Назва | Маса | Іони |
---|---|---|---|
AlCl | Монохлорид алюмінію | 62,5 | — |
AlF | Монофлюорид алюмінію | 46 | — |
AlO | Оксид алюмінію(ІІ) | 43 | — |
— | Гідрид аргону | 37 | ArH+ |
C2 | Дикарбон | 24 | — |
— | Флюорометилідін | 31 | CF+ |
CH | [en] | 13 | CH+ |
CN | [en] | 26 | CN+, CN− |
CO | Моноксид вуглецю | 28 | CO+ |
CP | Монофосфід вуглецю | 43 | — |
CS | Моносульфід вуглецю | 44 | — |
FeO | Оксид заліза(II) | 82 | — |
— | Йон гідриду гелію | 5 | HeH+ |
H2 | Молекулярний водень | 2 | — |
HCl | Хлороводень | 36,5 | HCl+ |
HF | Фтороводень | 20 | — |
HO | Гідроксил | 17 | OH+ |
KCl | Хлорид калію | 75,5 | — |
NH | [en] | 15 | — |
N2 | Молекулярний азот | 28 | — |
NO | Оксид азоту(II) | 30 | NO+ |
NS | [en] | 46 | — |
NaCl | Хлорид натрію | 58,5 | — |
— | Катіон моногідриду магнію | 25,3 | MgH+ |
O2 | Молекулярний кисень | 32 | — |
PN | [en] | 45 | — |
PO | [en] | 47 | — |
SH | [en] | 33 | SH+ |
SO | [en] | 48 | SO+ |
SiC | Карбід кремнію | 40 | — |
SiN | – | 42 | — |
SiO | Моноксид кремнію | 44 | — |
SiS | Моносульфід кремнію | 60 | — |
TiO | Оксид титану(II) | 63,9 | — |
3-атомні (44)
Формула | Назва | Маса | Іони |
---|---|---|---|
AlNC | 53 | — | |
AlOH | Гідроксид алюмінію(I) | 44 | — |
C3 | [en] | 36 | — |
C2H | [en] | 25 | — |
CCN | 38 | — | |
C2O | Моноксид дикарбону | 40 | — |
C2S | Тіксоетенілідин | 56 | — |
C2P | — | 55 | — |
CO2 | Діоксид вуглецю | 44 | — |
CaNC | Ізоціанід кальцію | 92 | — |
FeCN | 82 | — | |
— | [en] | 3 | H+ 3 |
H2C | [en] | 14 | — |
— | [en] | 37,5 | H2Cl+ |
H2O | Вода | 18 | H2O+ |
HO2 | [en] | 33 | — |
H2S | Сульфід водню | 34 | — |
HCN | Ціанід водню | 27 | — |
HNC | [en] | 27 | — |
HCO | Форміл радикал | 29 | HCO+ |
HCP | [en] | 44 | — |
HCS | 45 | HCS+ | |
— | [en] | 29 | HN+ 2 |
HNO | [en] | 31 | — |
— | 29 | HOC+ | |
HSC | 45 | — | |
KCN | Ціанід калію | 65 | — |
MgCN | Ціанід магнію | 50 | — |
MgNC | Ізоціанід магнію | 50 | — |
NH2 | Аміно радикал | 16 | — |
N2O | Оксид азоту | 44 | — |
NaCN | Ціанід натрію | 49 | — |
NaOH | Гідроксид натрію | 40 | — |
OCS | [en] | 60 | — |
O3 | Озон | 48 | — |
SO2 | Діоксид сірки | 64 | — |
c-SiC2 | c-Карбід кремнію | 52 | — |
SiCSi | 68 | — | |
SiCN | 54 | — | |
SiNC | 54 | — | |
TiO2 | Діоксид титану | 79,9 | — |
4-атомні (30)
Формула | Назва | Маса | Іони |
---|---|---|---|
CH3 | [en] | 15 | CH+3 |
l-C3H | [en] | 37 | l-C3H+ |
c-C3H | 37 | — | |
C3N | [en] | 50 | C3N− |
C3O | [en] | 52 | — |
C3S | [en] | 68 | — |
— | Гідроній | 19 | H3O+ |
C2H2 | Ацетилен | 26 | — |
H2CN | [en] | 28 | H2CN+ |
H2NC | 28 | — | |
H2CO | [en] | 30 | — |
H2CS | [en] | 46 | — |
HCCN | — | 39 | — |
HCCO | 41 | — | |
— | [en] | 28 | HCNH+ |
— | Протонований діоксид вуглецю | 45 | HOCO+ |
HCNO | [en] | 43 | — |
HOCN | Ізоціанова кислота | 43 | — |
CNCN | 52 | — | |
HOOH | Пероксид водню | 34 | — |
HNCO | Ізоціанова кислота | 43 | — |
HNCN | радикал | 41 | — |
HNCS | Ізотіоціанатна кислота | 59 | — |
NH3 | Аміак | 17 | — |
HSCN | Тіоціанатна кислота | 59 | — |
SiC3 | 64 | — | |
HMgNC | 51,3 | — | |
HNO2 | Нітритна кислота | 47 | — |
5-атомні (20)
Формула | Назва | Маса | Іони |
---|---|---|---|
— | Іон амонію | 18 | NH+ 4 |
CH4 | Метан | 16 | — |
CH3O | [en] | 31 | — |
c-C3H2 | [en] | 38 | — |
l-H2C3 | 38 | — | |
H2CCN | [en] | 40 | — |
H2C2O | Кетен | 42 | — |
H2CNH | 29 | — | |
HNCNH | [en] | 42 | — |
— | Протонований формальдегід | 31 | H2COH+ |
C4H | [en] | 49 | C4H− |
HC3N | Ціаноацетилен | 51 | — |
HCC-NC | Ізоціаноацетилен | 51 | — |
HCOOH | Мурашина кислота | 46 | — |
NH2CN | Ціанамід | 42 | — |
NH2OH | Гідроксиламін | 37 | — |
— | Протонований ціаноген | 53 | NCCNH+ |
HC(O)CN | Ціаноформальдегід | 55 | — |
C5 | Лінійний C5 | 60 | — |
SiC4 | Вуглецево-карбідний кластер | 92 | — |
SiH4 | Силан | 32 |
6-атомні (16)
Формула | Назва | Маса | Іони |
---|---|---|---|
c-H2C3O | [en] | 54 | — |
E-HNCHCN | E- | 54 | — |
C2H4 | Етилен | 28 | — |
CH3CN | Ацетонітрил | 40 | — |
CH3NC | [en] | 40 | — |
CH3OH | Метанол | 32 | — |
CH3SH | [en] | 48 | — |
l-H2C4 | 50 | — | |
— | Протонований ціаноацетилен | 52 | HC3NH+ |
HCONH2 | [en] | 44 | — |
HOCOOH | Карбонатна кислота | — | |
C5H | [en] | 61 | — |
C5N | 74 | — | |
HC2CHO | [en] | 54 | — |
HC4N | — | 63 | — |
CH2CNH | [en] | 40 | — |
C5S | — | 92 | — |
7-атомні (13)
Формула | Назва | Маса | Іони |
---|---|---|---|
c-C2H4O | Етиленоксид | 44 | — |
CH3C2H | Метилацетилен | 40 | — |
H3CNH2 | Метиламін | 31 | — |
CH2CHCN | Акрилонітрил | 53 | — |
HCCCHNH | Пропаргілімін | 53 | — |
H2CHCOH | Вініловий спирт | 44 | — |
C6H | [en] | 73 | C6H− |
HC4CN | [en] | 75 | — |
HC4NC | 75 | — | |
HC5O | — | 77 | — |
CH3CHO | Оцтовий альдегід | 44 | — |
CH3NCO | [en] | 57 | — |
HOCH2CN | [en] | 57 | — |
8-атомні (14)
Формула | Назва | Маса |
---|---|---|
H3CC2CN | [en] | 65 |
HC3H2CN | 65 | |
H2COHCHO | [en] | 60 |
(CHOH)2 | 1,2-етенедіол | 60 |
HCOOCH3 | [en] | 60 |
CH3COOH | Оцтова кислота | 60 |
H2C6 | [en] | 74 |
CH2CHCHO | Пропеналь | 56 |
CH2CCHCN | 65 | |
CH3CHNH | [en] | 43 |
C2H3NH2 | [en] | 43 |
C7H | радикал | 85 |
NH2CH2CN | [en] | 56 |
(NH2)2CO | Сечовина | 60 |
9-атомні (10)
Формула | Назва | Маса | Іони |
---|---|---|---|
CH3C4H | [en] | 64 | — |
CH3OCH3 | Диметиловий етер | 46 | — |
CH3CH2CN | Пропіонітрил | 55 | — |
CH3CONH2 | Ацетамід | 59 | — |
CH3CH2OH | Етанол | 46 | — |
C8H | [en] | 97 | C8H− |
HC7N | [en] | 99 | — |
CH3CHCH2 | Пропілен | 42 | — |
CH3CH2SH | Етілмеркаптан | 62 | — |
CH3NHCHO | [en] |
З 10 й більше атомами (21)
Атомів | Формула | Назва | Маса | Іони |
---|---|---|---|---|
10 | (CH3)2CO | Ацетон | 58 | — |
10 | (CH2OH)2 | Етиленгліколь | 62 | — |
10 | CH3CH2CHO | Пропаналь | 58 | — |
10 | CH3OCH2OH | [en] | 62 | — |
10 | CH3C5N | [en] | 89 | — |
10 | CH3CHCH2O | Пропіленоксид | 58 | — |
11 | NH2CH2CH2OH | Етаноламін | 61 | — |
11 | HC8CN | [en] | 123 | — |
11 | C2H5OCHO | 74 | — | |
11 | CH3COOCH3 | Метилацетат | 74 | — |
11 | CH3C6H | [en] | 88 | — |
12 | C6H6 | Бензен | 78 | — |
12 | C3H7CN | n-пропілціанід | 69 | — |
12 | (CH3)2CHCN | [en] | 69 | — |
13 | C 3H 8O 2 | 2-метоксиетанол | 76 | — |
13 | C 6H 5CN | Бензонітрил | 104 | — |
13 | HC10CN | [en] | 147 | — |
17 | C9H8 | [en] | 116 | — |
19 | C10H7CN | 1-ціанонафталін | 153 | — |
19 | C10H7CN | 2-ціанонафталін | 153 | — |
27 | C11H12N2O2 | Триптофан | — | |
60 | C60 | [en] | 720 | C+ 60 |
70 | C70 | [en] | 840 | — |
Дейтерієві молекули (22)
Ці молекули містять один або кілька атомів дейтерію, важкого ізотопу водню.
Атомів | Формула | Назва |
---|---|---|
2 | HD | Дейтерид водню |
3 | H2D+, HD+ 2 | [en] |
3 | HDO, D2O | Важка вода |
3 | DCN | Ціанід водню |
3 | DCO | Форміл радикал |
3 | DNC | [en] |
3 | N2D+ | — |
3 | NHD, ND2 | [en] |
4 | NH2D, NHD2, ND3 | Аміак |
4 | HDCO, D2CO | Формальдегід |
4 | DNCO | Ізоціанова кислота |
5 | NH3D+ | Іон амонію |
6 | NH 2CDO; NHDCHO | [en] |
7 | CH2DCCH, CH3CCD | Метилацетилен |
Непідтверджені (13)
У науковій літературі повідомлялося про виявлення наступних молекул, ці результати ставились під сумнів іншими дослідниками, або самі автори описували свої результати як ненадійні. Ці міжзоряні молекули чекають на незалежне підтвердження.
Атомів | Формула | Назва |
---|---|---|
2 | SiH | [en] |
4 | PH3 | Фосфін |
4 | MgCCH | |
4 | NCCP | [en] |
5 | H2NCO+ | — |
6 | SiH3CN | |
10 | H2NCH2COOH | Гліцин |
10 | C2H5NH2 | |
12 | CO(CH2OH)2 | |
12 | C2H5OCH3 | |
18 | C 10H+ 8 | Нафтален катіон |
24 | C24 | Графен |
24 | C14H10 | Антрацен |
26 | C16H10 | Пірен |
Див. також
Коментарі
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Література
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Посилання
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Spisok mizhzoryanih i navkolozoryanih molekul vklyuchaye molekuli yaki buli viyavleni v mizhzoryanomu seredovishi abo navkolozoryanih obolonkah Molekuli zgrupovani za kilkistyu atomiv u yihnomu skladi Dlya kozhnoyi viyavlenoyi spoluki vkazana yiyi himichna formula a takozh formuli vsih viyavlenih ioniv Ob yekt en na vstavci i jogo infrachervonij spektr Kolorom na spektri poznacheni vibracijni smugi kilkoh molekul PoyasnennyaPerelicheni nizhche molekuli buli viyavleni metodami astronomichnoyi spektroskopiyi Voni utvoryuyut spektralni liniyi poglinayuchi abo viprominyuyuchi fotoni pid chas perehodiv mizh energetichnimi rivnyami i riznicya energij mizh cimi rivnyami viznachaye dovzhini hvil na yakih sposterigayutsya liniyi Perehodi mizh energetichnimi rivnyami molekul buvayut kilkoh riznih tipiv Molekulyarni elektronni perehodi vidbuvayutsya koli odin iz elektroniv molekuli perehodit z odniyeyi molekulyarnoyi orbitali na inshu i taki perehodi zazvichaj utvoryuyut spektralni liniyi v ultrafioletovij optichnij abo blizhnij infrachervonij chastinah elektromagnitnogo spektru en zminyuyut kilkist kvantiv energiyi kolivan molekulyarnih zv yazkiv utvoryuyuchi liniyi v serednomu abo dalekomu infrachervonomu diapazoni en vidbuvayutsya koli zminyuyetsya kilkist kvantiv kinetichnoyi energiyi obertannya molekuli i sprichinyayut viprominyuvannya v mikrohvilovomu abo radiodiapazoni Inodi perehodi riznih tipiv vidbuvayutsya odnochasno napriklad v rotacijno vibracijnij spektroskopiyi zminyuyetsya yak rotacijnij tak i vibracijnij rivni energiyi Inodi stayutsya vsi tri perehodi razom yak ot u smuzi Filipsa dvoatomnogo vuglecyu C2 u yakij elektronnij perehid stvoryuye liniyu v blizhnomu infrachervonomu diapazoni yaka rozsheplyuyetsya na kilka kolivalnih smug cherez odnochasnu zminu rivnya kolivan yaki u svoyu chergu rozsheplyuyutsya na rotacijni gilki Spektr konkretnoyi molekuli regulyuyetsya pravilami vidboru kvantovoyi himiyi ta yiyi molekulyarnoyu simetriyeyu Deyaki molekuli mayut prosti spektri yaki legko identifikuvati todi yak inshi mayut nadzvichajno skladni spektri z velikoyu kilkistyu linij sho robit yih nabagato vazhchimi dlya viyavlennya Vzayemodiya mizh atomnimi yadrami j elektronami dodatkovo sprichinyaye nadtonku strukturu spektralnih linij Yaksho molekula isnuye v kilkoh izotopologah versiyah sho mistyat rizni atomni izotopi spektr she bilshe uskladnyuyetsya en Vugleceva zorya CW Leva Vidimi obolonki navkolozoryanogo materialu buli skinuti zoreyu protyagom ostannih tisyacholit Odnim iz najproduktivnishih misc viyavlennya mizhzoryanih molekul ye Strilec B2 gigantska molekulyarna hmara poblizu centru Chumackogo Shlyahu blizko polovini perelichenih nizhche molekul buli vpershe viyavleni same tam Bagatim dzherelom navkolozoryanih molekul ye CW Leva takozh vidoma yak IRC 10216 vidnosno nedaleka vugleceva zorya de bulo identifikovano blizko 50 molekul Mizh mizhzoryanim i navkolozoryanim seredovishem nemaye chitkoyi mezhi tomu voni ob yednani v spilnomu spisku Pershoyu molekuloyu viyavlenoyu v mizhzoryanomu seredovishi buv en CH dlya yakogo u 1937 roci buna zareyestrovana optichna liniya na 4300 angstremah utvorena jogo elektronnim perehodom Pochinayuchi z 1950 h rokiv bilshist novih molekul viyavlyalas metodami radioastronomiyi a z 1990 h rokiv takozh stala vazhlivoyu submilimetrova astronomiya Najposhirenishoyu mizhzoryanoyu molekuloyu ye molekulyarnij voden H2 takozh visoku poshirenist mayut monooksid vuglecyu CO voda H2O amiak NH3 formaldegid HCHO cianistij voden HCN Nadzvichajno nizka gustina mizhzoryanogo seredovisha ne spriyaye utvorennyu molekul bo ridkist zitknen chastinok silno zmenshuye jmovirnist reakcij v gazovij fazi U bagatoh regionah nayavne ultrafioletove viprominyuvannya yake rujnuye molekuli u fotohimichnih reakciyah Poyasnennya sposterezhuvanoyi kilkosti mizhzoryanih molekul vimagaye rozrahunku balansu mizh tempami yihnogo utvorennya ta rujnuvannya sho vimagaye modelyuvannya himiyi ioniv u gazovij fazi himiyi na poverhni chastinok kosmichnogo pilu perenosu viprominyuvannya z urahuvannyam mizhzoryanogo poglinannya ta skladnih en Disciplina astrohimiyi vklyuchaye rozuminnya procesiv utvorennya mizhzoryanih molekul i poyasnennya yihnoyi poshirenosti Vikoristannya molekulyarnih linij dlya viznachennya fizichnih vlastivostej astronomichnih ob yektiv vidome yak molekulyarna astrofizika Spisok molekulU nastupnih tablicyah navedeno spisok molekul viyavlenih u mizhzoryanomu seredovishi ta navkolozoryanih obolonkah Molekuli zgrupovani za kilkistyu atomiv Nejtralni molekuli ta yihni ioni pererahovani v okremih kolonkah Yaksho v kolonci molekuli stoyit procherk to dlya danoyi molekuli viyavleno lishe ionizovanu formu Masa vkazana v atomnih odinicyah masi Viyavleni dejteriyevi molekuli yaki mistyat prinajmni odin atom dejteriyu 2H navedeni v okremij tablici Zagalna kilkist viyavlenih molekul ta ioniv vkazana v zagolovku kozhnogo rozdilu Nazvi navedeni u vidpovidnosti do nacionalnogo standartu Bilshist viyavlenih molekul i vsi molekuli z ponad p yatma atomami ye organichnimi Yedinoyu viyavlenoyu neorganichnoyu molekuloyu p yatiatomnoyu molekuloyu ye SiH4 2 atomni 43 Monoksid vuglecyu chasto vikoristovuyetsya dlya vidstezhennya rozpodilu masi v molekulyarnih hmarah Formula Nazva Masa Ioni AlCl Monohlorid alyuminiyu 62 5 AlF Monoflyuorid alyuminiyu 46 AlO Oksid alyuminiyu II 43 Gidrid argonu 37 ArH C2 Dikarbon 24 Flyuorometilidin 31 CF CH en 13 CH CN en 26 CN CN CO Monoksid vuglecyu 28 CO CP Monofosfid vuglecyu 43 CS Monosulfid vuglecyu 44 FeO Oksid zaliza II 82 Jon gidridu geliyu 5 HeH H2 Molekulyarnij voden 2 HCl Hlorovoden 36 5 HCl HF Ftorovoden 20 HO Gidroksil 17 OH KCl Hlorid kaliyu 75 5 NH en 15 N2 Molekulyarnij azot 28 NO Oksid azotu II 30 NO NS en 46 NaCl Hlorid natriyu 58 5 Kation monogidridu magniyu 25 3 MgH O2 Molekulyarnij kisen 32 PN en 45 PO en 47 SH en 33 SH SO en 48 SO SiC Karbid kremniyu 40 SiN 42 SiO Monoksid kremniyu 44 SiS Monosulfid kremniyu 60 TiO Oksid titanu II 63 9 3 atomni 44 Kation ye odnim iz najposhirenishih ioniv u Vsesviti Vpershe vin buv viyavlenij 1993 roku Formula Nazva Masa Ioni AlNC 53 AlOH Gidroksid alyuminiyu I 44 C3 en 36 C2H en 25 CCN 38 C2O Monoksid dikarbonu 40 C2S Tiksoetenilidin 56 C2P 55 CO2 Dioksid vuglecyu 44 CaNC Izocianid kalciyu 92 FeCN 82 en 3 H 3 H2C en 14 en 37 5 H2Cl H2O Voda 18 H2O HO2 en 33 H2S Sulfid vodnyu 34 HCN Cianid vodnyu 27 HNC en 27 HCO Formil radikal 29 HCO HCP en 44 HCS 45 HCS en 29 HN 2 HNO en 31 29 HOC HSC 45 KCN Cianid kaliyu 65 MgCN Cianid magniyu 50 MgNC Izocianid magniyu 50 NH2 Amino radikal 16 N2O Oksid azotu 44 NaCN Cianid natriyu 49 NaOH Gidroksid natriyu 40 OCS en 60 O3 Ozon 48 SO2 Dioksid sirki 64 c SiC2 c Karbid kremniyu 52 SiCSi 68 SiCN 54 SiNC 54 TiO2 Dioksid titanu 79 9 4 atomni 30 Formaldegid poshirena v mizhzoryanomu seredovishi organichna molekula Formula Nazva Masa Ioni CH3 en 15 CH 3 l C3H en 37 l C3H c C3H 37 C3N en 50 C3N C3O en 52 C3S en 68 Gidronij 19 H3O C2H2 Acetilen 26 H2CN en 28 H2CN H2NC 28 H2CO en 30 H2CS en 46 HCCN 39 HCCO 41 en 28 HCNH Protonovanij dioksid vuglecyu 45 HOCO HCNO en 43 HOCN Izocianova kislota 43 CNCN 52 HOOH Peroksid vodnyu 34 HNCO Izocianova kislota 43 HNCN radikal 41 HNCS Izotiocianatna kislota 59 NH3 Amiak 17 HSCN Tiocianatna kislota 59 SiC3 64 HMgNC 51 3 HNO2 Nitritna kislota 47 5 atomni 20 Metan osnovnij komponent prirodnogo gazu viyavlenij na kometah i v atmosferi kilkoh planet Sonyachnoyi sistemi Formula Nazva Masa Ioni Ion amoniyu 18 NH 4 CH4 Metan 16 CH3O en 31 c C3H2 en 38 l H2C3 38 H2CCN en 40 H2C2O Keten 42 H2CNH 29 HNCNH en 42 Protonovanij formaldegid 31 H2COH C4H en 49 C4H HC3N Cianoacetilen 51 HCC NC Izocianoacetilen 51 HCOOH Murashina kislota 46 NH2CN Cianamid 42 NH2OH Gidroksilamin 37 Protonovanij cianogen 53 NCCNH HC O CN Cianoformaldegid 55 C5 Linijnij C5 60 SiC4 Vuglecevo karbidnij klaster 92 SiH4 Silan 32 6 atomni 16 Zobrazhenij na malyunku u mizhzoryanomu seredovishi mozhe poyednuvatisya z z utvorennyam acetamidu Formula Nazva Masa Ioni c H2C3O en 54 E HNCHCN E 54 C2H4 Etilen 28 CH3CN Acetonitril 40 CH3NC en 40 CH3OH Metanol 32 CH3SH en 48 l H2C4 50 Protonovanij cianoacetilen 52 HC3NH HCONH2 en 44 HOCOOH Karbonatna kislota C5H en 61 C5N 74 HC2CHO en 54 HC4N 63 CH2CNH en 40 C5S 92 7 atomni 13 Zobrazhenij na risunku acetaldegid i jogo izomeri vinilovij spirt i etilenoksid buli viyavleni v mizhzoryanomu prostori Formula Nazva Masa Ioni c C2H4O Etilenoksid 44 CH3C2H Metilacetilen 40 H3CNH2 Metilamin 31 CH2CHCN Akrilonitril 53 HCCCHNH Propargilimin 53 H2CHCOH Vinilovij spirt 44 C6H en 73 C6H HC4CN en 75 HC4NC 75 HC5O 77 CH3CHO Octovij aldegid 44 CH3NCO en 57 HOCH2CN en 57 8 atomni 14 Radiosignal octovoyi kisloti buv pidtverdzhenij 1997 roku Formula Nazva Masa H3CC2CN en 65 HC3H2CN 65 H2COHCHO en 60 CHOH 2 1 2 etenediol 60 HCOOCH3 en 60 CH3COOH Octova kislota 60 H2C6 en 74 CH2CHCHO Propenal 56 CH2CCHCN 65 CH3CHNH en 43 C2H3NH2 en 43 C7H radikal 85 NH2CH2CN en 56 NH2 2CO Sechovina 60 9 atomni 10 Etanol Formula Nazva Masa Ioni CH3C4H en 64 CH3OCH3 Dimetilovij eter 46 CH3CH2CN Propionitril 55 CH3CONH2 Acetamid 59 CH3CH2OH Etanol 46 C8H en 97 C8H HC7N en 99 CH3CHCH2 Propilen 42 CH3CH2SH Etilmerkaptan 62 CH3NHCHO en Z 10 j bilshe atomami 21 Molekuli na osnovi nalezhat do najvazhchih molekul znajdenih v mizhzoryanomu seredovishi Atomiv Formula Nazva Masa Ioni 10 CH3 2CO Aceton 58 10 CH2OH 2 Etilenglikol 62 10 CH3CH2CHO Propanal 58 10 CH3OCH2OH en 62 10 CH3C5N en 89 10 CH3CHCH2O Propilenoksid 58 11 NH2CH2CH2OH Etanolamin 61 11 HC8CN en 123 11 C2H5OCHO 74 11 CH3COOCH3 Metilacetat 74 11 CH3C6H en 88 12 C6H6 Benzen 78 12 C3H7CN n propilcianid 69 12 CH3 2CHCN en 69 13 C3 H8 O2 2 metoksietanol 76 13 C6 H5 CN Benzonitril 104 13 HC10CN en 147 17 C9H8 en 116 19 C10H7CN 1 cianonaftalin 153 19 C10H7CN 2 cianonaftalin 153 27 C11H12N2O2 Triptofan 60 C60 en 720 C 60 70 C70 en 840 Dejteriyevi molekuli 22 Ci molekuli mistyat odin abo kilka atomiv dejteriyu vazhkogo izotopu vodnyu Atomiv Formula Nazva 2 HD Dejterid vodnyu 3 H2D HD 2 en 3 HDO D2O Vazhka voda 3 DCN Cianid vodnyu 3 DCO Formil radikal 3 DNC en 3 N2D 3 NHD ND2 en 4 NH2D NHD2 ND3 Amiak 4 HDCO D2CO Formaldegid 4 DNCO Izocianova kislota 5 NH3D Ion amoniyu 6 NH2 CDO NHDCHO en 7 CH2DCCH CH3CCD MetilacetilenNepidtverdzheni 13 U naukovij literaturi povidomlyalosya pro viyavlennya nastupnih molekul ci rezultati stavilis pid sumniv inshimi doslidnikami abo sami avtori opisuvali svoyi rezultati yak nenadijni Ci mizhzoryani molekuli chekayut na nezalezhne pidtverdzhennya Atomiv Formula Nazva 2 SiH en 4 PH3 Fosfin 4 MgCCH 4 NCCP en 5 H2NCO 6 SiH3CN 10 H2NCH2COOH Glicin 10 C2H5NH2 12 CO CH2OH 2 12 C2H5OCH3 18 C10 H 8 Naftalen kation 24 C24 Grafen 24 C14H10 Antracen 26 C16H10 PirenDiv takozhZoryani molekuli Mizhzoryane seredovishe Nukleosintez Poshirenist himichnih elementivKomentariNa Zemli dominuyuchim izotopom argonu ye 40Ar tomu ArH mav bi masu 41 a o m Prote v mizhzoryanomu seredovishi buv viyavlenij 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