Ця стаття містить , але походження тверджень у ній через практично повну відсутність . |
Йорж звичайний | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Йорж звичайний (Gymnocephalus cernua) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Біологічна класифікація | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Gymnocephalus cernua (Linnaeus, 1758) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Поширення йоржа звичайного в Євразії | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Йорж звичайний (Gymnocephalus cernua) — невелика риба з родини окуневих, типовий вид роду Йорж.
Розповсюдження
Йорж звичайний є найбільш широко розповсюдженим з п'яти видів йоржів — його природний ареал включає північну та східну частину Франції, східну частину Англії, річки басейну Балтійського моря, центральну та східну Європу та північну Азію аж до басейну Колими. У другій половині ХХ сторіччя йорж з'явився в кількох водоймах Європи за межами свого природного ареалу: в озері Лох-Ломонд в Шотландії, в озерах Італії, озері (Норвегія), в Камарзі (дельта Рони, середземноморське узбережжя Франції); цьому розповсюдженню, як вважають, сприяло будівництво каналів та широке використання йоржа як наживки у спортивному лові щуки.
На додаток, у середині вісімдесятих років ХХ сторіччя йорж був випадково інтродукований, імовірно з баластною водою суден, до річки (США), що впадає до озера Верхнє (система Великих Озер). Тут утворилась стала популяція, котра на початку 90-х років поширилася на дельтові ділянки кількох інших річок, що впадають в озеро Верхнє. Також йоржа знайшли і в озері Гурон.
В Україні йорж звичайний зустрічається по всій території, окрім Криму.
Зовнішня будова
Спина риби сіро-зелена з чорними плямами та крапками, боки жовтуваті, черево світло-сіре або біле. Спинний та хвостовий плавці з чорними цятками. Загалом, забарвлення цієї риби залежить від навколишнього середовища: йорж світліший в річках та озерах з піщаним дном, і темніший у водоймах, де дно намулисте. Очі йоржа каламутно-рожеві, іноді навіть з синьою райдужкою. Звичайна довжина 8-12 см, маса 15-25 г. Іноді зустрічаються екземпляри довжиною більш ніж 20 см та масою 100 г, і навіть більше. Великі екземпляри йоржа відомі з басейну Обі, Обської губи, та деяких уральських озер.
Дослідники виділяють декілька морфотипів йоржа. Зокрема, на різних ділянках Дніпра існують популяції «худого» та «високотілого» йоржа. Стійкі розбіжності будови тіла спостерігаються також між прибережними та глибоководними популяціями йоржа у великих водоймах (наприклад, у дніпровських водосховищах). Для таких популяцій характерні розбіжності в числі променів та колючок в спинному плавці, числі лусок над та під бічною лінією, числі колючок на зябрових пластинах, хребців в хребті та у відносній величині голови, рильця, очей та плавців.
На додаток до різних морфотипів, в Євразії існує також і географічний градієнт анатомічної будови йоржів від менших значень на заході ареалу (Європа) до більших значень на сході (Сибір) в наступних анатомічних деталях: максимальна та мінімальна висота тіла, предорсальна та преанальна відстань, висота першого спинного плавця, довжина та висота анального плавця, та довжина черевних плавців.
Статевий диморфізм у йоржів не дуже помітний, але виявляється в кількох анатомічних характеристиках: висота тіла, довжина верхньої половини хвостового плавця, довжина грудних плавців та величина ока — все це більше у самців, аніж у самок.
Генетика
Йорж звичайний має 2n=48 хромосом, і може гібридизуватись з окунем звичайним та йоржем дунайським. При гібридизації йоржа звичайного із окунем звичайним гібриди мають проміжні риси будови батьківських форм, але звичайно за зовнішнім виглядом ближчі до материнського виду, аніж до батьківського. Такі гібриди ростуть швидше за йоржа та окуня, та є більш пристосованими до несприятливих значень температури, забруднення води, краще переносять голодування. При цьому гібриди чоловічої статі є стерильними (не можуть давати нащадків), а гібриди жіночої статі можуть давати потомство з чоловічими особинами як йоржа, так і окуня. Гібриди йоржа звичайного та йоржа дунайського також мають забарвлення та характеристики скелету, що є проміжними відносно батьківських видів, але щодо їхнього розмноження достовірних відомостей наразі немає.
Спосіб життя
Йорж є дуже невибагливим, зазвичай зграйним видом, і добре почуває себе в широкому спектрі умов навколишнього середовища. Його можна знайти як в прісних, так і в солонуватоводних водоймах з показником солоності до 10-12 °/°°; в системах озерного та проточного типу; на глибинах від 0.25 до 85 метрів; на рівні моря та в гірських ареалах та від оліготрофних до евтрофних вод; критичні значення температури води для виживання йоржа — це 0-2°С та 34.5 °C . Але, незважаючи на такий широкий спектр прийнятних умов, загалом можуть бути виділені три основні риси місць помешкання цього виду. Ідеальними умовами для цієї риби є тихоплинні водойми з м'яким дном, не вкритим водяною рослинністю; звичайно щільність популяції йоржа зростає разом зі зростанням показника евтрофікації. М'якодонні ділянки є привабливішими для йоржа з огляду на те, що переважна більшість об'єктів його харчування водиться саме в таких місцях, а також тому, що такі ділянки зазвичай асоційовані з відносно глибокими та затіненими частинами водойм — так як всі види роду Йорж мають фізіологічні адаптації, що сприяють пристосуванню до життя в умовах малої кількості світла.
На відміну від решти представників родини Окуневих, щільність популяцій яких є максимальною при середніх показниках евтрофікації водойми (в мезевтрофних умовах), йорж досягає максимуму чисельності в евтрофних та гіперевтрофних умовах; чисельність йоржа зростає при надходженні мінеральних та органічних добрив антропогенного походження аж до таких їхніх значень, котрих майже ніякі інші види риб не витримують.
Для пояснення позитивної кореляції між рівнем евтрофікації водойми та чисельністю йоржа існують чотири основні гіпотези.
1. Живлення йоржа проходить більш ефективно в умовах слабкого освітлення, які притаманні ситуації спалаху чисельності водоростей, що провокований евтрофікацією водойми;
2. Кількість та різноманіття бентосних організмів, що є основною харчовою базою йоржа, можуть підвищуватись (особливо що стосується дрібних видів) у відповідь до підвищення надходження органічних речовин з , кількість яких зростає при евтрофікації;
3. Підвищення біопродуктивності водойми на початку процесу евтрофікації може зменшувати навантаження хижаків на популяцію йоржа за рахунок часткового переорієнтування їх на інші види, а при досягненні гіперевтрофних умов завдяки зменшенню популяції хижаків, спричиненому токсичним впливом евтрофікуючих речовин;
4. І, нарешті, йорж може фізіологічно бути пристосованим до гіперевтрофних умов краще за інші види.
Розмноження
Статевої зрілості йорж звичайно досягає у віці 2-3 роки, при розмірах тіла близько 11-12 сантиметрів; в деяких водоймах йоржі можуть починати розмножуватись і у віці одного року, що дослідники пояснюють впливом теплішої, в середньому, води або високим рівнем загибелі на ранніх стадіях життя в даній популяції.
Ікру цей вид відкладає на дуже широкий спектр субстратів на глибині 3 метри та менше, при цьому її не охороняючи. Нерест відбувається з середини квітня до червня, у досить широкому діапазоні температур — відомі випадки нересту як при 6 °C, так і при 18 °C. Інтервал значень рН, при яких ікра йоржа здатна нормально розвиватись, є одним з найбільшим серед риб, для яких досліджувався даний параметр, і лежить між значеннями 6.5 та 10.5.
Йорж може відкладати 2-3 кладки ікри під час одного акту нересту; кількість ікринок залежить від розмірів самиці та становить від 10 до 200 тисяч штук. Діаметр ікринок також корелює з розмірами самиці і знаходиться в інтервалі 0.34-1.3 мм, при цьому ікринки першої кладки завжди більші та жовтіші порівняно із другою та третьою. Розвиток ікри триває 5-12 діб при температурі від 10 до 15 °C.
У декількох популяціях у йоржа реєструвались випадки гермафродитизму. Наприклад, у Фінській затоці Балтійського моря в гонадах (статевих залозах) приблизно 25 % всіх обстежених звичайних йоржів містились як сперматозоїди, так і яйцеклітини; при цьому 85 % цих риб мали гонади «чоловічого» типу. Близько половини цих гермафродитів функціонували як нормальні самці, для іншої половини, що функціонували як самки, плодючість варіювала від нормальних значень до повної стерильності, і лише 2 % гермафродитних риб могли функціонувати поперемінно і як самці, і як самки. Наявність великої кількості таких «інтерсексуальних» риб, тим не менше, не змінювала значення продуктивності даної обстеженої популяції порівняно з іншими.
Життєвий цикл
У більшості випадків дослідники визначають вік йоржа за кількістю кіл наростання на лусках; також іноді як віковий індикатор використовується кількість шарів в . Самки йоржа можуть досягати, як максимум, віку в 11 років, але самиці загалом не переживають семирічного віку; при цьому в природних популяціях до 93 % складають риби віком 1-3 роки.
На початку життя мальки йоржа живляться переважно коловертками та личинками копепод; для йоржів довжиною більш ніж 1 см основним харчовим ресурсом стають циклопи, личинки хірономід, та гілчастовусі рачки. Найбільш споживаними родами хірономід є Chironomus (особливо вид Chironomus plumosus) та Procladius. З часом, по мірі зростання, доля хірономід в раціоні йоржа зменшується. Основним трофічним ресурсом дорослого йоржа є різноманітні (в основному бентосні) черви, дрібні ракоподібні та п'явки. Йоржі, що були відловлені в солонуватоводних водоймах або на великих глибинах (30 метрів та більше) також виявились активними споживачами макроскопічних ракоподібних — таких як Pallasea quadrispinosa, Pontoporeia affinis, Mysis relicta, Neomysis integer, Diaporeia affinis та Gammarus spp. Йоржі активно живляться протягом всього року, хоча пізньої осені і взимку не в таких об'ємах, як влітку. Головним органом чуття, що використовує йорж при пошуку здобичі, є бокова лінія. При цьому навіть засліплений йорж може знаходити нерухому здобич, орієнтуючись винятково завдяки цьому органу чуття. Тим не менше, при харчуванні протягом світлої частини доби йорж також активно використовує і зір.
Основними трофічними конкурентами йоржа в Європі та Азії є інші риби-, такі як лящ, , велика плітка, осетрові, , окунь, вугор та інші. Найжорсткіша міжвидова конкуренція спостерігається між йоржем та окунем — з огляду на те, що набори об'єктів живлення молодого окуня та йоржа майже повністю перекриваються. Ознакою того, що у йоржа існує і внутрішньовидова конкуренція за харчові ресурси є спостереження, що при збільшенні щільності популяції йоржа темпи зростання риб в ній значно знижуються.
Природними ворогами йоржа, що можуть в значних об'ємах їх поїдати, є судак, щука, великий окунь; також у невеликій кількості йоржа споживають минь, вугор, сом та лососі. Зрідка спостерігались і випадки канібалізму.
Окрім того, йоржів активно ловлять баклани, різні види чапель, невеликих особин — рибалочка, крех малий та крех великий.
Див. також
Джерела
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Cya stattya mistit perelik posilan ale pohodzhennya tverdzhen u nij zalishayetsya nezrozumilim cherez praktichno povnu vidsutnist vnutrishnotekstovih dzherel vinosok Bud laska dopomozhit polipshiti cyu stattyu peretvorivshi dzherela z pereliku posilan na dzherela vinoski u samomu teksti statti Jorzh zvichajnijJorzh zvichajnij Gymnocephalus cernua Ohoronnij statusNajmenshij rizik MSOP 3 1 Biologichna klasifikaciyaDomen Yaderni Eukaryota Carstvo Tvarini Animalia Pidcarstvo Spravzhni bagatoklitinni Eumetazoa Tip Hordovi Chordata Pidtip Cherepni Craniata Nadklas Shelepni Gnathostomata Klas Promeneperi Actinopterygii Pidklas Novoperi Neopterygii Infraklas Kostisti ribi Teleostei Ryad Okunepodibni Perciformes Pidryad Okunevidni Percoidei Rodina Okunevi Percidae Rid Jorzh Gymnocephalus Vid Jorzh zvichajnijBinomialna nazvaGymnocephalus cernua Linnaeus 1758 Poshirennya jorzha zvichajnogo v YevraziyiPosilannyaVikishovishe Gymnocephalus cernuusVikividi Gymnocephalus cernuusEOL 203972ITIS 168520MSOP 9568NCBI 57865 Jorzh zvichajnij Gymnocephalus cernua nevelika riba z rodini okunevih tipovij vid rodu Jorzh RozpovsyudzhennyaJorzh zvichajnij ye najbilsh shiroko rozpovsyudzhenim z p yati vidiv jorzhiv jogo prirodnij areal vklyuchaye pivnichnu ta shidnu chastinu Franciyi shidnu chastinu Angliyi richki basejnu Baltijskogo morya centralnu ta shidnu Yevropu ta pivnichnu Aziyu azh do basejnu Kolimi U drugij polovini HH storichchya jorzh z yavivsya v kilkoh vodojmah Yevropi za mezhami svogo prirodnogo arealu v ozeri Loh Lomond v Shotlandiyi v ozerah Italiyi ozeri Norvegiya v Kamarzi delta Roni seredzemnomorske uzberezhzhya Franciyi comu rozpovsyudzhennyu yak vvazhayut spriyalo budivnictvo kanaliv ta shiroke vikoristannya jorzha yak nazhivki u sportivnomu lovi shuki Na dodatok u seredini visimdesyatih rokiv HH storichchya jorzh buv vipadkovo introdukovanij imovirno z balastnoyu vodoyu suden do richki SShA sho vpadaye do ozera Verhnye sistema Velikih Ozer Tut utvorilas stala 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velichina oka vse ce bilshe u samciv anizh u samok GenetikaJorzh zvichajnij maye 2n 48 hromosom i mozhe gibridizuvatis z okunem zvichajnim ta jorzhem dunajskim Pri gibridizaciyi jorzha zvichajnogo iz okunem zvichajnim gibridi mayut promizhni risi budovi batkivskih form ale zvichajno za zovnishnim viglyadom blizhchi do materinskogo vidu anizh do batkivskogo Taki gibridi rostut shvidshe za jorzha ta okunya ta ye bilsh pristosovanimi do nespriyatlivih znachen temperaturi zabrudnennya vodi krashe perenosyat goloduvannya Pri comu gibridi cholovichoyi stati ye sterilnimi ne mozhut davati nashadkiv a gibridi zhinochoyi stati mozhut davati potomstvo z cholovichimi osobinami yak jorzha tak i okunya Gibridi jorzha zvichajnogo ta jorzha dunajskogo takozh mayut zabarvlennya ta harakteristiki skeletu sho ye promizhnimi vidnosno batkivskih vidiv ale shodo yihnogo rozmnozhennya dostovirnih vidomostej narazi nemaye Rozpovsyudzhennya jorzha zvichajnogo v Pivnichnij AmericiSposib zhittyaJorzh ye duzhe nevibaglivim zazvichaj zgrajnim vidom i dobre pochuvaye sebe v shirokomu spektri umov navkolishnogo seredovisha Jogo mozhna znajti yak v prisnih tak i v solonuvatovodnih vodojmah z pokaznikom solonosti do 10 12 v sistemah ozernogo ta protochnogo tipu na glibinah vid 0 25 do 85 metriv na rivni morya ta v girskih arealah ta vid oligotrofnih do evtrofnih vod kritichni znachennya temperaturi vodi dlya vizhivannya jorzha ce 0 2 S ta 34 5 C Ale nezvazhayuchi na takij shirokij spektr prijnyatnih umov zagalom mozhut buti vidileni tri osnovni risi misc pomeshkannya cogo vidu Idealnimi umovami dlya ciyeyi ribi ye tihoplinni vodojmi z m yakim dnom ne vkritim vodyanoyu roslinnistyu zvichajno shilnist populyaciyi jorzha zrostaye razom zi zrostannyam pokaznika evtrofikaciyi M yakodonni dilyanki ye privablivishimi dlya jorzha z oglyadu na te sho perevazhna bilshist ob yektiv jogo harchuvannya voditsya same v takih miscyah a takozh tomu sho taki dilyanki zazvichaj asocijovani z vidnosno glibokimi ta zatinenimi chastinami vodojm tak yak vsi vidi rodu Jorzh mayut fiziologichni adaptaciyi sho spriyayut pristosuvannyu do zhittya v umovah maloyi kilkosti svitla Na vidminu vid reshti predstavnikiv rodini Okunevih shilnist populyacij yakih ye maksimalnoyu pri serednih pokaznikah evtrofikaciyi vodojmi v mezevtrofnih umovah jorzh dosyagaye maksimumu chiselnosti v evtrofnih ta giperevtrofnih umovah chiselnist jorzha zrostaye pri nadhodzhenni mineralnih ta organichnih dobriv antropogennogo pohodzhennya azh do takih yihnih znachen kotrih majzhe niyaki inshi vidi rib ne vitrimuyut Dlya poyasnennya pozitivnoyi korelyaciyi mizh rivnem evtrofikaciyi vodojmi ta chiselnistyu jorzha isnuyut chotiri osnovni gipotezi 1 Zhivlennya jorzha prohodit bilsh efektivno v umovah slabkogo osvitlennya yaki pritamanni situaciyi spalahu chiselnosti vodorostej sho provokovanij evtrofikaciyeyu vodojmi 2 Kilkist ta riznomanittya bentosnih organizmiv sho ye osnovnoyu harchovoyu bazoyu jorzha mozhut pidvishuvatis osoblivo sho stosuyetsya dribnih vidiv u vidpovid do pidvishennya nadhodzhennya organichnih rechovin z kilkist yakih zrostaye pri evtrofikaciyi 3 Pidvishennya bioproduktivnosti vodojmi na pochatku procesu evtrofikaciyi mozhe zmenshuvati navantazhennya hizhakiv na populyaciyu jorzha za rahunok chastkovogo pereoriyentuvannya yih na inshi vidi a pri dosyagnenni giperevtrofnih umov zavdyaki zmenshennyu populyaciyi hizhakiv sprichinenomu toksichnim vplivom evtrofikuyuchih rechovin 4 I nareshti jorzh mozhe fiziologichno buti pristosovanim do giperevtrofnih umov krashe za inshi vidi RozmnozhennyaJorzh zvichajnij Statevoyi zrilosti jorzh zvichajno dosyagaye u vici 2 3 roki pri rozmirah tila blizko 11 12 santimetriv v deyakih vodojmah jorzhi mozhut pochinati rozmnozhuvatis i u vici odnogo roku sho doslidniki poyasnyuyut vplivom teplishoyi v serednomu vodi abo visokim rivnem zagibeli na rannih stadiyah zhittya v danij populyaciyi Ikru cej vid vidkladaye na duzhe shirokij spektr substrativ na glibini 3 metri ta menshe pri comu yiyi ne ohoronyayuchi Nerest vidbuvayetsya z seredini kvitnya do chervnya u dosit shirokomu diapazoni temperatur vidomi vipadki nerestu yak pri 6 C tak i pri 18 C Interval znachen rN pri yakih ikra jorzha zdatna normalno rozvivatis ye odnim z najbilshim sered rib dlya yakih doslidzhuvavsya danij parametr i lezhit mizh znachennyami 6 5 ta 10 5 Jorzh mozhe vidkladati 2 3 kladki ikri pid chas odnogo aktu nerestu kilkist ikrinok zalezhit vid rozmiriv samici ta stanovit vid 10 do 200 tisyach shtuk Diametr ikrinok takozh korelyuye z rozmirami samici i znahoditsya v intervali 0 34 1 3 mm pri comu ikrinki pershoyi kladki zavzhdi bilshi ta zhovtishi porivnyano iz drugoyu ta tretoyu Rozvitok ikri trivaye 5 12 dib pri temperaturi vid 10 do 15 C U dekilkoh populyaciyah u jorzha reyestruvalis vipadki germafroditizmu Napriklad u Finskij zatoci Baltijskogo morya v gonadah statevih zalozah priblizno 25 vsih obstezhenih zvichajnih jorzhiv mistilis yak spermatozoyidi tak i yajceklitini pri comu 85 cih rib mali gonadi cholovichogo tipu Blizko polovini cih germafroditiv funkcionuvali yak normalni samci dlya inshoyi polovini sho funkcionuvali yak samki plodyuchist variyuvala vid normalnih znachen do povnoyi sterilnosti i lishe 2 germafroditnih rib mogli funkcionuvati popereminno i yak samci i yak samki Nayavnist velikoyi kilkosti takih interseksualnih rib tim ne menshe ne zminyuvala znachennya produktivnosti danoyi obstezhenoyi populyaciyi porivnyano z inshimi Zhittyevij ciklJorzh zvichajnij v richci Pyarnu Estoniya U bilshosti vipadkiv doslidniki viznachayut vik jorzha za kilkistyu kil narostannya na luskah takozh inodi yak vikovij indikator vikoristovuyetsya kilkist shariv v Samki jorzha mozhut dosyagati yak maksimum viku v 11 rokiv ale samici zagalom ne perezhivayut semirichnogo viku pri comu v prirodnih populyaciyah do 93 skladayut ribi vikom 1 3 roki Na pochatku zhittya malki jorzha zhivlyatsya perevazhno kolovertkami ta lichinkami kopepod dlya jorzhiv dovzhinoyu bilsh nizh 1 sm osnovnim harchovim resursom stayut ciklopi lichinki hironomid ta gilchastovusi rachki Najbilsh spozhivanimi rodami hironomid ye Chironomus osoblivo vid Chironomus plumosus ta Procladius Z chasom po miri zrostannya dolya hironomid v racioni jorzha zmenshuyetsya Osnovnim trofichnim resursom doroslogo jorzha ye riznomanitni v osnovnomu bentosni chervi dribni rakopodibni ta p yavki Jorzhi sho buli vidlovleni v solonuvatovodnih vodojmah abo na velikih glibinah 30 metriv ta bilshe takozh viyavilis aktivnimi spozhivachami makroskopichnih rakopodibnih takih yak Pallasea quadrispinosa Pontoporeia affinis Mysis relicta Neomysis integer Diaporeia affinis ta Gammarus spp Jorzhi aktivno zhivlyatsya protyagom vsogo roku hocha piznoyi oseni i vzimku ne v takih ob yemah yak vlitku Golovnim organom chuttya sho vikoristovuye jorzh pri poshuku zdobichi ye bokova liniya Pri comu navit zasliplenij jorzh mozhe znahoditi neruhomu zdobich oriyentuyuchis vinyatkovo zavdyaki comu organu chuttya Tim ne menshe pri harchuvanni protyagom svitloyi chastini dobi jorzh takozh aktivno vikoristovuye i zir Osnovnimi trofichnimi konkurentami jorzha v Yevropi ta Aziyi ye inshi ribi taki yak lyash velika plitka osetrovi okun vugor ta inshi Najzhorstkisha mizhvidova konkurenciya sposterigayetsya mizh jorzhem ta okunem z oglyadu na te sho nabori ob yektiv zhivlennya molodogo okunya ta jorzha majzhe povnistyu perekrivayutsya Oznakoyu togo sho u jorzha isnuye i vnutrishnovidova konkurenciya za harchovi resursi ye sposterezhennya sho pri zbilshenni shilnosti populyaciyi jorzha tempi zrostannya rib v nij znachno znizhuyutsya Prirodnimi vorogami jorzha sho mozhut v znachnih ob yemah yih poyidati ye sudak shuka velikij okun takozh u nevelikij kilkosti jorzha spozhivayut min vugor som ta lososi Zridka sposterigalis i vipadki kanibalizmu Okrim togo jorzhiv aktivno lovlyat baklani rizni vidi chapel nevelikih osobin ribalochka kreh malij ta kreh velikij Div takozhNosar 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