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35 08 пн ш 36 45 сх д 35 13 пн ш 36 75 сх д 35 13 36 75Різанина у Хамі Країна Сирія Адміністративна одиницяГама Місце ро

Різанина в Хамі

Різанина в Хамі

35°08′ пн. ш. 36°45′ сх. д. / 35.13° пн. ш. 36.75° сх. д. / 35.13; 36.75

Різанина у Хамі
image
Країна image Сирія
Адміністративна одиниця Гама
Місце розташування Гама
Момент часу 1982
Час/дата початку 2 лютого 1982
Час/дата закінчення 28 лютого 1982
Організатор Хафез аль-Ассад
Кількість загиблих 10 000
image Різанина у Хамі у Вікісховищі

Різанина у Хамі (араб. مجزرة حماة) відбулася у лютому 1982 року, коли сирійська арабська армія та воєнізовані сили оборонних компаній за наказом президента Хафеза аль-Асада на 27 днів взяли в облогу місто Хама, щоб придушити повстання Братів-мусульман проти уряду баасистів. Повстання, розпочате у 1976 році групами мусульман-сунітів, включаючи Братів-мусульман, було жорстоко придушене під час антисунітської різанини в Хамі, здійсненої Сирійською арабською армією та алавітськими ополченнями під командуванням генерала Ріфаата аль-Асада.

Перед початком операції Хафез аль-Асад віддав наказ ізолювати Хаму від зовнішнього світу; фактично запровадивши блокування ЗМІ, цілковите припинення зв'язку, електроенергії та постачання продовольства до міста на місяці. У перших дипломатичних звітах західних країн говорилося про 1000 убитих. Подальші оцінки відрізняються, причому нижчі оцінки повідомляють про щонайменше 10 000 смертей, тоді як інші вказують на 20 000 (Роберт Фіск) або 40 000 (Сирійський комітет з прав людини та SNHR). Різанина залишається «найбільш смертоносним актом» насильства, вчиненого арабською державою проти власного населення в історії сучасного Близького Сходу.

Майже дві третини міста було зруйновано під час військової операції баасистів. Роберт Фіск, який був присутній у Хамі під час різанини, повідомив, що невибіркове бомбардування зрівняло більшу частину міста з землею і що переважна більшість жертв були цивільними. Патрік Сіл у репортажі для «The Globe and Mail», описав операцію як «двотижневу оргію вбивств, руйнування та грабунку», яка знищила місто та вбила щонайменше 25 000 жителів.

Подія була описана як «геноцидна різанина», що була мотивована міжконфесійною ворожнечею проти сунітської громади Хами. Пам'ять про різанину залишається важливим аспектом сирійської культури і викликає сильні емоції серед сирійців донині.

Див. також

Нотатки

  1. Sources:

Примітки

  1. Mikaberidze, Alexander (2013). Hama Massacre (1982). Atrocities, Massacres, and War Crimes: An Encyclopedia. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO, LLC. с. 229. ISBN .
  2. Fisk, Robert. 2010 September 16. Robert Fisk: Freedom, democracy and human rights in Syria. (Ribal al-Assad gives our writer a rare insight into the dynasty that has shaped modern Syria). The Independent (UK).
  3. MEMRI (January 2002). Bashar Assad Teaches Visiting Members of U.S. Congress How to Fight Terrorism. Middle East Media Research Institute. Процитовано 12 серпня 2010.
    • {{cite
  4. Bou Nassif, Hicham (2020). Endgames: Military Response to Protest in Arab Autocracies. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. с. 126, 194. ISBN .
  5. Roberts, David (2015). 12: Hafiz al-Asad – II. The Ba'ath and the creation of modern Syria (вид. Routledge Library Editions: Syria). Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge. с. 121. ISBN .
  6. Moss, Dana M. (2022). 2: Exit from Authoritarianism. The Arab Spring Abroad: Diaspora Activism against Authoritarian Regimes. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. с. 57, 58. doi:10.1017/9781108980036. ISBN .
  7. Syria: Bloody Challenge to Assad. Time. 8 березня 1982. Архів оригіналу за 15 жовтня 2010.
  8. JOHN KIFNER, Special to the New York Times (12 лютого 1982). Syrian Troops Are Said To Battle Rebels Encircled in Central City. The New York Times. Hama (Syria); Syria. Процитовано 20 січня 2012.
  9. Atassi, Basma (2 лютого 2012). Breaking the silence over Hama atrocities. Al Jazeera. Архів оригіналу за 3 листопада 2020.
  10. Amos, Deborah (2 лютого 2012). 30 Years Later, Photos Emerge From Killings in Syria. NPR. Архів оригіналу за 2 лютого 2012.
  11. Switzerland issues arrest warrant for uncle of Syria's Assad. The National. 16 серпня 2023. Архів оригіналу за 16 серпня 2023.
  12. Genocide Watch Recommendations for Syria, Genocide and Mass Atrocities Alert: Syria (PDF). migs.concordia.ca. February 2012. Архів оригіналу (PDF) за 27 червня 2013.
  13. Bou Nassif, Hicham (2020). Endgames: Military Response to Protest in Arab Autocracies. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. с. 126, 194. ISBN . In the wake of the tense period stretching from the Aleppo incident in 1979 to the Hama massacre in 1982, the regime accentuated the Alawitization of its coercive apparatus as its dependency on its sectarian base increased... regime violence against Sunnis did not begin in 2011, and was never restricted to the Muslim Brotherhood alone. Even Patrick Seale, who wrote an otherwise sympathetic biography of Hafez al-Asad, admits that thousands of Sunni civilians were slaughtered during the notorious Hama massacre in 1982 by the all-Alawi Defense Companies after the city fell. Human rights organizations have documented a series of other horrendous massacres of Sunnis that may not have reached Hama’s level of violence, but were extremely bloody, nonetheless.
  14. Genocide Watch Recommendations for Syria, Genocide and Mass Atrocities Alert: Syria (PDF). migs.concordia.ca. February 2012. Архів оригіналу (PDF) за 27 червня 2013. Tensions and political strife have been an on-going theme in Syria due in large part to the opposing ideologies of the regime’s ruling Alawite minority -- Baathist socialism- and the Sunni Muslim majority, which makes up three quarters of the country’s population, and largely favors adherence to Islamic law. After the Hama Massacre of 1982- a 'scorched earth' operation that killed 20,000 people to combat an attempted Sunni Muslim uprising- the government became increasingly authoritarian, relying on repressive policies to maintain control.
  15. Seale, Patrick (1989). Asad of Syria: The Struggle for the Middle East. Los Angeles, US: University of California Press. с. 332, 333. ISBN . In Damascus there was a moment of something like panic when Hama rose. The regime itself shook... Behind the immediate contest lay the old multi-layered hostility between Islam and the Ba‘th, between Sunni and 'Alawi, between town and country.
  16. Mikaberidze, Alexander (2013). Hama Massacre (1982). Atrocities, Massacres, and War Crimes: An Encyclopedia. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO, LLC. с. 229. ISBN . The most infamous crackdown, however, occurred in early 1982, when al-Assad ordered a brutal crackdown on the defiant city of Hama, where the Sunni Muslim community continued to defy the regime..
  17. Ismail, Salwa (2018). 4: Memories of Violence: Hama 1982. The Rule of Violence : Subjectivity, Memory and Government in Syria. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. с. 131—158. doi:10.1017/9781139424721. ISBN .
  18. Batatu, Hanna (1999). Syria's Peasantry, the Descendants of Its Lesser Rural Notables, and Their Politics. Chichester, West Sussex, UK: Princeton University Press. с. 203. ISBN .

Бібліографія

  • Benkorich, Nora; 16 Feb. 2012, Trente ans après, retour sur la tragédie de Hama
  • Benjamin, Daniel; Steven Simon. 2002. The Age of Sacred Terror. Random House.
  • Fisk, Robert. 1990. Pity the Nation. London: Touchstone, .
  • Fisk, Robert. 2007 February 10. Conspiracy of silence in the Arab world. The Independent (UK).
  • Fisk, Robert. 2010 September 16. Robert Fisk: Freedom, democracy and human rights in Syria. (Ribal al-Assad gives our writer a rare insight into the dynasty that has shaped modern Syria). The Independent (UK).
  • Friedman, Thomas. 1998. From Beirut to Jerusalem, London: , . Chapter 4: "Hama Rules".
  • .com. 2006 May 23. The Syrian Muslim Brotherhood.
  • Hama. GlobalSecurity.org. Процитовано 14 November 2009.
  • Human Rights Watch. 1996. Syria's Tadmor Prison: Dissent Still Hostage to a Legacy of Terror.
  • Human Rights Watch. 2010 July 16. A wasted decade. V. Legacy of enforced disappearances. Report on human rights in Syria.
  • MEMRI (January 2002). Bashar Assad Teaches Visiting Members of U.S. Congress How to Fight Terrorism. Middle East Media Research Institute. Процитовано 12 серпня 2010.
  • Chaos in Syria and Jordan Alarms U.S. The New York Times. 26 березня 2011.
  • Seale, Patrick. 1989. Asad, the Struggle for the Middle East. University of California Press.
  • Fisk, Robert. 1989. Pity the Nation. London: Touchstone, .
  • . 2006 Massacre of Hama (February 1982) Genocide and a crime against Humanity.
  • Syrian Human Rights Committee. 2005 (Arabic) The Massacre of Hama: Law Enforcement Requires Accountability.
  • United States of America. Department of State, Bureau of Public Affairs. Background note: Syria.
  • Wright, Robin. 2008. Dreams and Shadows : the Future of the Middle East. Penguin.

Література

  • Kathrin Nina Wiedl: The Hama Massacre — reasons, supporters of the rebellion, consequences. München 2007, .
  • The Economist (16 November 2000) Is Syria really changing?, London: 'Syria’s Islamist movement has recently shown signs of coming back to life, nearly 20 years after 30,000 people were brutally massacred in Hama in 1982' The Economist
  • Routledge (10 January 2000) Summary of the 10 January 2002, Roundtable on Militant Islamic Fundamentalism in the Twenty-First Century, Volume 24, Number 3 / 1 June 2002: Pages:187 – 205
  • (1988) Human Rights at the United Nations 1955–85: The Question of Bias, International Studies Quarterly, Vol. 32, No. 3 (Sep. 1988), pp. 275–303
  • Fisk, Robert. 1997 January 19. A Land in the Shadow of Death. The Independent (UK) (paragraph recollecting insurgency and reaction).

Посилання

  • More Detailed Account of the actual Hama Massacre and Killings

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35 08 pn sh 36 45 sh d 35 13 pn sh 36 75 sh d 35 13 36 75Rizanina u Hami Krayina Siriya Administrativna odinicyaGama Misce roztashuvannyaGama Moment chasu1982 Chas data pochatku2 lyutogo 1982 Chas data zakinchennya28 lyutogo 1982 OrganizatorHafez al Assad Kilkist zagiblih10 000 Rizanina u Hami u Vikishovishi Rizanina u Hami arab مجزرة حماة vidbulasya u lyutomu 1982 roku koli sirijska arabska armiya ta voyenizovani sili oboronnih kompanij za nakazom prezidenta Hafeza al Asada na 27 dniv vzyali v oblogu misto Hama shob pridushiti povstannya Brativ musulman proti uryadu baasistiv Povstannya rozpochate u 1976 roci grupami musulman sunitiv vklyuchayuchi Brativ musulman bulo zhorstoko pridushene pid chas antisunitskoyi rizanini v Hami zdijsnenoyi Sirijskoyu arabskoyu armiyeyu ta alavitskimi opolchennyami pid komanduvannyam generala Rifaata al Asada Pered pochatkom operaciyi Hafez al Asad viddav nakaz izolyuvati Hamu vid zovnishnogo svitu faktichno zaprovadivshi blokuvannya ZMI cilkovite pripinennya zv yazku elektroenergiyi ta postachannya prodovolstva do mista na misyaci U pershih diplomatichnih zvitah zahidnih krayin govorilosya pro 1000 ubitih Podalshi ocinki vidriznyayutsya prichomu nizhchi ocinki povidomlyayut pro shonajmenshe 10 000 smertej todi yak inshi vkazuyut na 20 000 Robert Fisk abo 40 000 Sirijskij komitet z prav lyudini ta SNHR Rizanina zalishayetsya najbilsh smertonosnim aktom nasilstva vchinenogo arabskoyu derzhavoyu proti vlasnogo naselennya v istoriyi suchasnogo Blizkogo Shodu Majzhe dvi tretini mista bulo zrujnovano pid chas vijskovoyi operaciyi baasistiv Robert Fisk yakij buv prisutnij u Hami pid chas rizanini povidomiv sho nevibirkove bombarduvannya zrivnyalo bilshu chastinu mista z zemleyu i sho perevazhna bilshist zhertv buli civilnimi Patrik Sil u reportazhi dlya The Globe and Mail opisav operaciyu yak dvotizhnevu orgiyu vbivstv rujnuvannya ta grabunku yaka znishila misto ta vbila shonajmenshe 25 000 zhiteliv Podiya bula opisana yak genocidna rizanina sho bula motivovana mizhkonfesijnoyu vorozhnecheyu proti sunitskoyi gromadi Hami Pam yat pro rizaninu zalishayetsya vazhlivim aspektom sirijskoyi kulturi i viklikaye silni emociyi sered sirijciv donini Div takozhAsadi Antipartizanska vijna Istoriya SiriyiNotatkiSources PrimitkiMikaberidze Alexander 2013 Hama Massacre 1982 Atrocities Massacres and War Crimes An Encyclopedia Santa Barbara California ABC CLIO LLC s 229 ISBN 978 1 59884 925 7 Fisk Robert 2010 September 16 Robert Fisk Freedom democracy and human rights in Syria Ribal al Assad gives our writer a rare insight into the dynasty that has shaped modern Syria The Independent UK MEMRI January 2002 Bashar Assad Teaches Visiting Members of U S Congress How to Fight Terrorism Middle East Media Research Institute Procitovano 12 serpnya 2010 cite Bou Nassif Hicham 2020 Endgames Military Response to Protest in Arab Autocracies New York NY Cambridge University Press s 126 194 ISBN 978 1 108 84124 5 Roberts David 2015 12 Hafiz al Asad II The Ba ath and the creation of modern Syria vid Routledge Library Editions Syria Abingdon Oxon Routledge s 121 ISBN 978 0 415 83882 5 Moss Dana M 2022 2 Exit from Authoritarianism The Arab Spring Abroad Diaspora Activism against Authoritarian Regimes New York NY Cambridge University Press s 57 58 doi 10 1017 9781108980036 ISBN 978 1 108 84553 3 Syria Bloody Challenge to Assad Time 8 bereznya 1982 Arhiv originalu za 15 zhovtnya 2010 JOHN KIFNER Special to the New York Times 12 lyutogo 1982 Syrian Troops Are Said To Battle Rebels Encircled in Central City The New York Times Hama Syria Syria Procitovano 20 sichnya 2012 Atassi Basma 2 lyutogo 2012 Breaking the silence over Hama atrocities Al Jazeera Arhiv originalu za 3 listopada 2020 Amos Deborah 2 lyutogo 2012 30 Years Later Photos Emerge From Killings in Syria NPR Arhiv originalu za 2 lyutogo 2012 Switzerland issues arrest warrant for uncle of Syria s Assad The National 16 serpnya 2023 Arhiv originalu za 16 serpnya 2023 Genocide Watch Recommendations for Syria Genocide and Mass Atrocities Alert Syria PDF migs concordia ca February 2012 Arhiv originalu PDF za 27 chervnya 2013 Bou Nassif Hicham 2020 Endgames Military Response to Protest in Arab Autocracies New York NY Cambridge University Press s 126 194 ISBN 978 1 108 84124 5 In the wake of the tense period stretching from the Aleppo incident in 1979 to the Hama massacre in 1982 the regime accentuated the Alawitization of its coercive apparatus as its dependency on its sectarian base increased regime violence against Sunnis did not begin in 2011 and was never restricted to the Muslim Brotherhood alone Even Patrick Seale who wrote an otherwise sympathetic biography of Hafez al Asad admits that thousands of Sunni civilians were slaughtered during the notorious Hama massacre in 1982 by the all Alawi Defense Companies after the city fell Human rights organizations have documented a series of other horrendous massacres of Sunnis that may not have reached Hama s level of violence but were extremely bloody nonetheless Genocide Watch Recommendations for Syria Genocide and Mass Atrocities Alert Syria PDF migs concordia ca February 2012 Arhiv originalu PDF za 27 chervnya 2013 Tensions and political strife have been an on going theme in Syria due in large part to the opposing ideologies of the regime s ruling Alawite minority Baathist socialism and the Sunni Muslim majority which makes up three quarters of the country s population and largely favors adherence to Islamic law After the Hama Massacre of 1982 a scorched earth operation that killed 20 000 people to combat an attempted Sunni Muslim uprising the government became increasingly authoritarian relying on repressive policies to maintain control Seale Patrick 1989 Asad of Syria The Struggle for the Middle East Los Angeles US University of California Press s 332 333 ISBN 0 520 06667 7 In Damascus there was a moment of something like panic when Hama rose The regime itself shook Behind the immediate contest lay the old multi layered hostility between Islam and the Ba th between Sunni and Alawi between town and country Mikaberidze Alexander 2013 Hama Massacre 1982 Atrocities Massacres and War Crimes An Encyclopedia Santa Barbara California ABC CLIO LLC s 229 ISBN 978 1 59884 925 7 The most infamous crackdown however occurred in early 1982 when al Assad ordered a brutal crackdown on the defiant city of Hama where the Sunni Muslim community continued to defy the regime Ismail Salwa 2018 4 Memories of Violence Hama 1982 The Rule of Violence Subjectivity Memory and Government in Syria New York NY Cambridge University Press s 131 158 doi 10 1017 9781139424721 ISBN 978 1 107 03218 7 Batatu Hanna 1999 Syria s Peasantry the Descendants of Its Lesser Rural Notables and Their Politics Chichester West Sussex UK Princeton University Press s 203 ISBN 0 691 00254 1 BibliografiyaBenkorich Nora 16 Feb 2012 Trente ans apres retour sur la tragedie de Hama Benjamin Daniel Steven Simon 2002 The Age of Sacred Terror Random House Fisk Robert 1990 Pity the Nation London Touchstone ISBN 0 671 74770 3 Fisk Robert 2007 February 10 Conspiracy of silence in the Arab world The Independent UK Fisk Robert 2010 September 16 Robert Fisk Freedom democracy and human rights in Syria Ribal al Assad gives our writer a rare insight into the dynasty that has shaped modern Syria The Independent UK Friedman Thomas 1998 From Beirut to Jerusalem London ISBN 0 00 653070 2 Chapter 4 Hama Rules com 2006 May 23 The Syrian Muslim Brotherhood Hama GlobalSecurity org Procitovano 14 November 2009 Human Rights Watch 1996 Syria s Tadmor Prison Dissent Still Hostage to a Legacy of Terror Human Rights Watch 2010 July 16 A wasted decade V Legacy of enforced disappearances Report on human rights in Syria MEMRI January 2002 Bashar Assad Teaches Visiting Members of U S Congress How to Fight Terrorism Middle East Media Research Institute Procitovano 12 serpnya 2010 Chaos in Syria and Jordan Alarms U S The New York Times 26 bereznya 2011 Seale Patrick 1989 Asad the Struggle for the Middle East University of California Press Fisk Robert 1989 Pity the Nation London Touchstone ISBN 0 671 74770 3 2006 Massacre of Hama February 1982 Genocide and a crime against Humanity Syrian Human Rights Committee 2005 Arabic The Massacre of Hama Law Enforcement Requires Accountability United States of America Department of State Bureau of Public Affairs Background note Syria Wright Robin 2008 Dreams and Shadows the Future of the Middle East Penguin LiteraturaKathrin Nina Wiedl The Hama Massacre reasons supporters of the rebellion consequences Munchen 2007 ISBN 978 3 638 71034 3 The Economist 16 November 2000 Is Syria really changing London Syria s Islamist movement has recently shown signs of coming back to life nearly 20 years after 30 000 people were brutally massacred in Hama in 1982 The Economist Routledge 10 January 2000 Summary of the 10 January 2002 Roundtable on Militant Islamic Fundamentalism in the Twenty First Century Volume 24 Number 3 1 June 2002 Pages 187 205 1988 Human Rights at the United Nations 1955 85 The Question of Bias International Studies Quarterly Vol 32 No 3 Sep 1988 pp 275 303 Fisk Robert 1997 January 19 A Land in the Shadow of Death The Independent UK paragraph recollecting insurgency and reaction PosilannyaMore Detailed Account of the actual Hama Massacre and Killings

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