Список Лейпциг-Джакарта — список слів, складений та Урі Тадмором, що складається із 100 слів, які використовуються лінгвістами для перевірки ступеня хронологічного розділення мов шляхом порівняння слів, стійких до запозичень. Уперше список був опублікований у 2009 році.
Список
- 1. fire
- 2. nose
- 3. to go
- 4. water
- 5. mouth
- 6. tongue
- 7. blood
- 7. bone
- 9. 2SG pronoun
- 9. root
- 11. to come
- 12. breast
- 13. rain
- 14. 1SG pronoun
- 15. name
- 15. louse
- 17. wing
- 18. flesh/meat
- 19. arm/hand
- 20. fly
- 20. night
- 22. ear
- 23. neck
- 23. far
- 25. to do/make
- 26. house
- 27. stone/rock
- 28. bitter
- 28. to say
- 28. tooth
- 31. hair
- 32. big
- 32. one
- 34. who?
- 34. 3SG pronoun
- 36. to hit/beat
- 37. leg/foot
- 38. horn
- 38. this
- 38. fish
- 41. yesterday
- 42. to drink
- 42. black
- 42. navel
- 45. to stand
- 46. to bite
- 46. back
- 48. wind
- 49. smoke
- 50. what?
- 51. child (kin term)
- 52. egg
- 53. to give
- 53. new
- 53. to burn (intr.)
- 56. not
- 56. good
- 58. to know
- 59. knee
- 59. sand
- 61. to laugh
- 61. to hear
- 63. soil
- 64. leaf
- 64. red
- 66. liver
- 67. to hide
- 67. skin/hide
- 67. to suck
- 70. to carry
- 71. ant
- 71. heavy
- 71. to take
- 74. old
- 75. to eat
- 76. thigh
- 76. thick
- 78. long
- 79. to blow
- 80. wood
- 81. to run
- 81. to fall
- 83. eye
- 84. ash
- 84. tail
- 84. dog
- 87. to cry/weep
- 88. to tie
- 89. to see
- 89. sweet
- 91. rope
- 91. shade/shadow
- 91. bird
- 91. salt
- 91. small
- 96. wide
- 97. star
- 97. in
- 99. hard
- 100. to crush/grind
За категорією
Категоризація списку була зроблена самими розробниками
:- явища природи: water, fire, night, wind, rain, smoke, stone/rock, salt, sand, soil, ash, shade/shadow, star
- частини тіла людини: nose, mouth, tongue, eye, tooth, hair, ear, arm/hand, neck, breast, navel, liver, back, leg/foot, thigh, knee, skin/hide, flesh/meat, bone, blood
- частини тварин і рослин: wing, horn, tail, egg, root, leaf, wood
- люди та тварини: child (descendant), fish, bird, dog, ant, fly, head louse
- предмети культури: house, name, rope
- властивості: old, new, big, small, long, wide, far, thick, good, red, black, heavy, sweet, bitter, hard
- дії: go, come, run, fall, carry, take, eat, drink, cry/weep, tie, laugh, suck, hide, stand, bite, hit/beat, do/make, burn (intr.), blow, know, see, hear, give, say, crush/grind
- дейктичні/граматичні: 1SG pronoun, 2SG pronoun, 3SG pronoun, who?, what?, this, one, not, yesterday, in
Зв'язок з іншими списками
Існує значна кореляція між списком Сводеша та списком Лейпциг-Джакарта: 62 елементи у списках є однаковими. Таким чином, різниця між ними становить 38%. На думку розробників, список Лейпциг-Джакарта має перевагу у тому, що він має потужну емпіричну основу і, отже, є більш надійним інструментом для наукових цілей ніж список Сводеша, який побудований більш за інтуїтивним принципом .
У таблиці нижче список Лейпциг-Джакарта порівнюється із трьома іншими списками стійкості: список Долгопольського (1986, 23 значень), список Лора (1998, 61 значення) та список [en](40 значень).
Місце | Список | Сводеша | Долгопольського | Лора | ASJP |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | fire | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | |
2 | nose | ✔ | ✔ | ||
3 | to go | ✔ | |||
4 | water | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ |
5 | mouth | ✔ | |||
6 | tongue | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | |
7 | blood | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ |
7 | bone | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | |
9 | 2SG pronoun | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | |
9 | root | ✔ | |||
11 | to come | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | |
12 | breast | ✔ | ✔ | ||
13 | rain | ✔ | |||
14 | 1SG pronoun | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | |
15 | name | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ |
15 | louse | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | |
17 | wing | ||||
18 | flesh/meat | ✔ | ✔ | ||
19 | arm/hand | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | |
20 | fly | ||||
20 | night | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | |
22 | ear | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | |
23 | neck | ✔ | |||
23 | far | ||||
25 | to do/make | ||||
26 | house | ✔ | |||
27 | stone/rock | ✔ | ✔ | ||
28 | bitter | ||||
28 | to say | ✔ | |||
28 | tooth | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | |
31 | hair | ✔ | |||
32 | big | ✔ | ✔ | ||
32 | one | ✔ | ✔ | ||
34 | who? | ✔ | ✔ | ||
34 | 3SG pronoun | ||||
36 | to hit/beat | ✔ | |||
37 | leg/foot | ✔ | ✔ | ||
38 | horn | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | |
38 | this | ✔ | ✔ | ||
38 | fish | ✔ | ✔ | ||
41 | yesterday | ||||
42 | to drink | ✔ | ✔ | ||
42 | black | ✔ | |||
42 | navel | ||||
45 | to stand | ✔ | |||
46 | to bite | ✔ | |||
46 | back | ||||
48 | wind | ||||
49 | smoke | ✔ | |||
50 | what? | ✔ | |||
51 | child (kin term) | ||||
52 | egg | ✔ | |||
53 | to give | ✔ | ✔ | ||
53 | new | ✔ | ✔ | ||
53 | to burn (intr.) | ✔ | |||
56 | not | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | |
56 | good | ✔ | |||
58 | to know | ✔ | |||
59 | knee | ✔ | ✔ | ||
59 | sand | ✔ | |||
61 | to laugh | ||||
61 | to hear | ✔ | ✔ | ||
63 | soil | ✔ | |||
64 | leaf | ✔ | ✔ | ||
64 | red | ✔ | |||
66 | liver | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | |
67 | to hide | ✔ | |||
67 | skin/hide | ✔ | ✔ | ||
67 | to suck | ✔ | |||
70 | to carry | ✔ | |||
71 | ant | ||||
71 | heavy | ||||
71 | to take | ✔ | |||
74 | old | ✔ | |||
75 | to eat | ✔ | ✔ | ||
76 | thigh | ||||
76 | thick | ||||
78 | long | ✔ | ✔ | ||
79 | to blow | ✔ | |||
80 | wood | ||||
81 | to run | ||||
81 | to fall | ||||
83 | eye | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | |
84 | ash | ✔ | |||
84 | tail | ✔ | |||
84 | dog | ✔ | ✔ | ||
87 | to cry/weep | ✔ | |||
88 | to tie | ||||
89 | to see | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | |
89 | sweet | ||||
91 | rope | ||||
91 | shade/shadow | ||||
91 | bird | ✔ | |||
91 | salt | ✔ | ✔ | ||
91 | small | ✔ | |||
96 | wide | ||||
97 | star | ✔ | ✔ | ||
97 | in | ||||
99 | hard | ||||
100 | to crush/grind |
Див. також
Література
- Haspelmath, M., & Tadmor, U. (2009). Loanwords in the world's languages: A comparative handbook. New York, N.Y: De Gruyter Mouton.
Примітки
- Tadmor, U., Haspelmath, M., & Taylor, B. (2010). Borrowability and the notion of basic vocabulary. Diachronica, 27(2), 226-246. doi:10.1075/dia.27.2.04tad [ 11 квітня 2021 у Wayback Machine.].
- Dolgopolsky, Aharon B. 1986. “A probabilistic hypothesis concerning the oldest relationships among thy language families in northern Eurasia”. Typology, Relationship and Time: A collection of papers on language change and relationship by Soviet linguists ed. by Vitalij V.
- Lohr, Marisa. 1998. Methods for the Genetic Classification of Languages. PhD dissertation, University of Cambridge.
Вікіпедія, Українська, Україна, книга, книги, бібліотека, стаття, читати, завантажити, безкоштовно, безкоштовно завантажити, mp3, відео, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, малюнок, музика, пісня, фільм, книга, гра, ігри, мобільний, телефон, android, ios, apple, мобільний телефон, samsung, iphone, xiomi, xiaomi, redmi, honor, oppo, nokia, sonya, mi, ПК, web, Інтернет
Spisok Lejpcig Dzhakarta spisok sliv skladenij ta Uri Tadmorom sho skladayetsya iz 100 sliv yaki vikoristovuyutsya lingvistami dlya perevirki stupenya hronologichnogo rozdilennya mov shlyahom porivnyannya sliv stijkih do zapozichen Upershe spisok buv opublikovanij u 2009 roci Spisok1 fire 2 nose 3 to go 4 water 5 mouth 6 tongue 7 blood 7 bone 9 2SG pronoun 9 root 11 to come 12 breast 13 rain 14 1SG pronoun 15 name 15 louse 17 wing 18 flesh meat 19 arm hand 20 fly 20 night 22 ear 23 neck 23 far 25 to do make 26 house 27 stone rock 28 bitter 28 to say 28 tooth 31 hair 32 big 32 one 34 who 34 3SG pronoun 36 to hit beat 37 leg foot 38 horn 38 this 38 fish 41 yesterday 42 to drink 42 black 42 navel 45 to stand 46 to bite 46 back 48 wind 49 smoke 50 what 51 child kin term 52 egg 53 to give 53 new 53 to burn intr 56 not 56 good 58 to know 59 knee 59 sand 61 to laugh 61 to hear 63 soil 64 leaf 64 red 66 liver 67 to hide 67 skin hide 67 to suck 70 to carry 71 ant 71 heavy 71 to take 74 old 75 to eat 76 thigh 76 thick 78 long 79 to blow 80 wood 81 to run 81 to fall 83 eye 84 ash 84 tail 84 dog 87 to cry weep 88 to tie 89 to see 89 sweet 91 rope 91 shade shadow 91 bird 91 salt 91 small 96 wide 97 star 97 in 99 hard 100 to crush grind Za kategoriyeyu Kategorizaciya spisku bula zroblena samimi rozrobnikami 238 yavisha prirodi water fire night wind rain smoke stone rock salt sand soil ash shade shadow star chastini tila lyudini nose mouth tongue eye tooth hair ear arm hand neck breast navel liver back leg foot thigh knee skin hide flesh meat bone blood chastini tvarin i roslin wing horn tail egg root leaf wood lyudi ta tvarini child descendant fish bird dog ant fly head louse predmeti kulturi house name rope vlastivosti old new big small long wide far thick good red black heavy sweet bitter hard diyi go come run fall carry take eat drink cry weep tie laugh suck hide stand bite hit beat do make burn intr blow know see hear give say crush grind dejktichni gramatichni 1SG pronoun 2SG pronoun 3SG pronoun who what this one not yesterday inZv yazok z inshimi spiskamiIsnuye znachna korelyaciya mizh spiskom Svodesha ta spiskom Lejpcig Dzhakarta 62 elementi u spiskah ye odnakovimi Takim chinom riznicya mizh nimi stanovit 38 Na dumku rozrobnikiv spisok Lejpcig Dzhakarta maye perevagu u tomu sho vin maye potuzhnu empirichnu osnovu i otzhe ye bilsh nadijnim instrumentom dlya naukovih cilej nizh spisok Svodesha yakij pobudovanij bilsh za intuyitivnim principom 242 U tablici nizhche spisok Lejpcig Dzhakarta porivnyuyetsya iz troma inshimi spiskami stijkosti spisok Dolgopolskogo 1986 23 znachen spisok Lora 1998 61 znachennya ta spisok en 40 znachen Misce Spisok Svodesha Dolgopolskogo Lora ASJP1 fire 2 nose 3 to go 4 water 5 mouth 6 tongue 7 blood 7 bone 9 2SG pronoun 9 root 11 to come 12 breast 13 rain 14 1SG pronoun 15 name 15 louse 17 wing18 flesh meat 19 arm hand 20 fly20 night 22 ear 23 neck 23 far25 to do make26 house 27 stone rock 28 bitter28 to say 28 tooth 31 hair 32 big 32 one 34 who 34 3SG pronoun36 to hit beat 37 leg foot 38 horn 38 this 38 fish 41 yesterday42 to drink 42 black 42 navel45 to stand 46 to bite 46 back48 wind49 smoke 50 what 51 child kin term 52 egg 53 to give 53 new 53 to burn intr 56 not 56 good 58 to know 59 knee 59 sand 61 to laugh61 to hear 63 soil 64 leaf 64 red 66 liver 67 to hide 67 skin hide 67 to suck 70 to carry 71 ant71 heavy71 to take 74 old 75 to eat 76 thigh76 thick78 long 79 to blow 80 wood81 to run81 to fall83 eye 84 ash 84 tail 84 dog 87 to cry weep 88 to tie89 to see 89 sweet91 rope91 shade shadow91 bird 91 salt 91 small 96 wide97 star 97 in99 hard100 to crush grindDiv takozhSpisok Dolgopolskogo Spisok SvodeshaLiteraturaHaspelmath M amp Tadmor U 2009 Loanwords in the world s languages A comparative handbook New York N Y De Gruyter Mouton PrimitkiTadmor U Haspelmath M amp Taylor B 2010 Borrowability and the notion of basic vocabulary Diachronica 27 2 226 246 doi 10 1075 dia 27 2 04tad 11 kvitnya 2021 u Wayback Machine Dolgopolsky Aharon B 1986 A probabilistic hypothesis concerning the oldest relationships among thy language families in northern Eurasia Typology Relationship and Time A collection of papers on language change and relationship by Soviet linguists ed by Vitalij V Lohr Marisa 1998 Methods for the Genetic Classification of Languages PhD dissertation University of Cambridge